今年年初，新冠疫情卷土重来，上海被迫按下暂停键长达2个月之久，我们的城市经受住了考验，但付出了巨大的经济和人力成本。
在经济发展与疫情防控"两翼并行"的常态下，如何从本次疫情中吸取经验与教训，缓解类似突发公共事件给城市发展带来的影响与冲击，复旦大学空间规划研究中心联合复旦规划建筑设计研究院、上海空间规划设计研究院、城乡规划杂志社共同举办主题为“常态化疫情防控与韧性城市建设”的直播访谈活动，邀请沈振江、熊鲁霞、唐亚林、孙志强、Tim Stonor 五位专家学者，以韧性城市理念和新发传染病疫情为切入点，通过分析疫情防控对当前城市规划建设的挑战，探讨新时期城市空间规划治理的思路和方案，有针对性地提出建设韧性城市、加强疫情防控的建议。此次活动特邀搜狐城市、凤凰网、上海热线作为媒体支持。
直播访谈精彩内容整理
上期回顾：专访｜TIM STONOR：城市如何与病毒智慧共处（上）
Q2
As a member of the steering committee of the first international standard for smart Cities ISO37106, how do you think the planning, design and construction industry can help cities have a smart coexistence with the virus?What kind of smart standards should cities adopt to cope with the epidemic and how can these be achieved?
作为首个智慧城市国际标准ISO37106指导委员会委员，您认为规划、设计、施工行业如何帮助城市与病毒实现智慧共存？城市应该采取什么样的智能标准来应对疫情，如何才能实现？
TIM STONOR：
In thinking about standards we need to consider two key dimensions: inputs standards and outputs standards. Let’s start with the output standards. Or, in other words, the performance standards. What are we expecting cities to do?
在考虑标准时，我们需要考虑两个关键维度：输入标准和输出标准。让我们从输出标准，或者说从性能标准开始。我们期待城市怎么做？
And the first thing we need cities to do is to keep us safe and of course the Coronavirus puts this aspect of urban performance into sharp focus. But safety has always been a concern for as long as we’ve had cities: safety against fire, against flood and of course against attack.
首先，城市需要为我们提供安全保障。当然，新冠病毒使城市在这方面的表现尤为凸显。但是，自从我们有城市以来，安全一直是人们关注的问题：防火安全，洪水防御和攻击防御。
Now let’s consider the input standards – the design standards - to address safety. Whereas fire, flooding and attack have typically required physical measures: brick replacing timber construction after the Great Fire of London, for example, and flood defences protecting low-lying places from the sea, the Coronavirus places a requirement on spatial measures: on ventilation standards, which may lead to better mechanical air filtration but may equally equate to the opening up of architectural facades, from windows to entire ground floor frontages, thus blurring the relationship between public and private space. I think this offers exciting opportunities for designers.
现在让我们考虑输入标准也就是设计标准来解决安全问题。火灾、洪水和恐怖袭击通常需要物理措施：例如，伦敦大火后用砖代替木结构，还有比如保护低洼地区免受海水侵袭的防洪设施。新冠病毒对空间也提出了更高的要求，比如通风的标准，建筑立面的通风可能会使机械空气过滤更优但也可能等同于开放建筑立面，从窗户到整个建筑物的楼面，模糊了公共空间和私人空间之间的关系。我认为这为设计师提供了值得研究的设计机遇。
Another spatial input factor is street connectivity, which is of course measured by Space Syntax tools. Spatial connectivity matters because it influences the way we move: whether, for example, we choose healthier options such as walking and cycling. The healthier we are the better we can defend ourselves against viral attack.
另一个空间输入要素是街道连通性，这是通过 Space Syntax 工具来衡量的。空间连通性很重要，因为它会影响我们的出行方式：例如，我们是否有更健康的选择，比如步行和骑车。人类越健康就越能抵御病毒攻击。
And when it comes to standards, this is something we are working on at Space Syntax: for example, minimum levels of spatial connectivity so that people are given the opportunity to walk and cycle. They may not always choose to do so but, if those minimum levels are not there they have no choice and instead have to drive.
当谈到标准时，这是我们在 Space Syntax 中正在努力的事情：例如，空间贯通的最低标准是人们可以通过步行和骑自行车到达。但如果没有这这样的可达性，大家别无选择，只能开车。
Of course making cities safe is not the only performance requirement of cities. We also need to make cities convivial: thriving with frequent informal, social contacts between people.
当然，让城市安全并不是人们对城市的唯一要求。我们还需要让城市充满欢乐：通过人与人之间频繁的非正式社交接触而繁荣起来。
And the way we’ve learned to make this happen is first by slowing down to walking speed and then by mixing land uses such that everyday destinations are closer to home. By, as far as possible, removing the dull, daily commute that confines people to antisocial and unhealthy sedentary behaviours.
我们学会实现这一目标的方法首先是放慢步行速度，然后混合土地用途，使日常目的地离家更近。通过这些方式，尽可能地让人们远离那些使之陷于不宜社交的日常通勤和不健康的久坐行为。
In the same way that we can measure spatial connectivity, so we can measure the degree to which people are close to each other and to other everyday land uses and are therefore likely to walk more. Indeed we’ve created the Walkability Index to provide a tool for urban planners to check current levels of walkability and measure proposed levels in future plans.
同样的方式我们可以测量空间的连通性，测量人们彼此接近的程度以及其他日常土地使用的程度，这样可能会更多的选择步行。事实上，我们创建了步行指数，为城市规划者提供一个工具，以检查当前的步行水平，并在未来的设计中考量距离的远近。
By studying towns and cities across the world we’re learning about the levels of land use mix and spatial connectivity that make the difference between a community that walks more, or walks less, and this means we can set standards that need to be achieved in new designs.
通过研究世界各地的城镇，我们正在了解土地利用组合和空间连通性的水平，这些会影响人们在社区中步行的多少，这意味着我们可以在新的设计中设定需要达到的标准。
Now you may think that surely we need less social contact because of the Coronavirus, not more. But this is when we need to remember the fundamental performance of cities, which is to generate social and economic transactions that lead to new ideas and new inventions that help us solve the greatest problems of our time, that help us to create great works of art, that attract the most ambitious and skilled people and that nurture our cultures.
现在你可能会认为，由于新冠病毒，我们肯定需要更少而不是更多的社会接触。但这时我们需要牢记城市的基本性能，即产生社交和经济交易，从而产生新的想法和新发明，帮助我们解决这个时代最大的问题，引导我们创造艺术作品的同时吸引雄心勃勃且有一技之长的人，滋养我们的文化。
As vaccinations and other measures help reduce the risk of Coronavirus infection, we will need our cities to be more convivial than they have ever been. This has always been the case: after fires, floods and attacks of all kinds, we keep building cities in order to connect people together, because we recognise the power of connected places. What new technologies - such as those we’re creating at Space Syntax - can do is to lock in the performance standards that drive the movement and interaction patterns that foster the processes of invention and innovation that make cities the greatest inventions of humanity.
由于疫苗接种和其他措施有助于降低感染冠状病毒的风险，我们将需要我们的城市比以往任何时候都更加团结。向来如此：在火灾、洪水和各种袭击之后，我们继续建设城市以将人们联系在一起，我们感受到了相互合作的力量。比如我们在 Space Syntax 创造的新技术，可以做的是锁定驱动运动和交互模式的标准，从而促进发明和创新过程，使城市成为人类最伟大的发明。
Q3
You talked about Space Syntax’s approach being "Science-based and human-focused." There are many aspects to urban development alongside ‘smart city’ technologies. With reference to a metropolis like Shanghai, could you share some of your knowledge & experience on advanced cities worldwide?
您谈到 Space Syntax 的方法是“以科学为基础，以人为本”。除了“智慧城市”技术之外，城市发展还有很多方面。对于上海这样的大都市，您能分享一些您对全球先进城市的了解和经验吗？
TIM STONOR：
I must mention trees, not least because the tree-lined streets of Shanghai have been an inspiration to me ever since I saw them many years ago. Trees are not only beautiful to look at but the shade they create makes it much more likely that people will choose to walk in the cooler air beneath them. A further benefit of trees is that they sequester carbon. And they provide home and shelter to many lifeforms that increases the biodiversity of cities.
我必须提到树木，上海绿树成荫的街道这么多年来一直留给我很深的印象。树木不仅看起来很漂亮，它们形成的树荫使人们更多的选择在它们下面的阴凉中行走。树木的另一个好处是它们可以吸收碳。树木为许多物种提供了家园和庇护所，增加了城市的生物多样性。
And so our plans for new cities as well as for the improvement of existing cities always look to preserve or to create tree-lines avenues.
因此，我们对新城市以及现有城市改善的规划，始终寻求保留或创建林荫大道。
And in a similar manner we are increasingly providing shade in the form of canopies and other architectural devices.
以类似的方式，我们越来越多地以檐篷和其它建筑设施的形式（为人们）提供荫凉。
A further feature of forward-thinking cities is that they are increasingly looking to adapt, to re-purpose and to restore their existing fabric of buildings rather than simply to keep growing. Because by refurbishing their existing building stocks, cities can avoid the carbon intensive exercise of demolition and reconstruction and instead they can retain the embodied carbon of existing buildings as far as possible.
具有前瞻性思维的城市的另一个特点是，它们越来越希望适应、重新利用和恢复现有的建筑结构，而不仅仅是增加新建筑。因为通过翻新现有建筑存量，城市可以避免拆除和重建的工作带来的密集性碳排放，相反，这样做可以尽可能地阻止现有建筑物的碳排放。
In our masterplan for Nur-Sultan, the capital city of Kazakhstan, we persuaded the city leaders to improve and to intensify the existing city fabric before growing into the surrounding natural landscape.
在哈萨克斯坦首都努尔苏丹的总体规划中，我们说服城市领导人在融入周围的自然景观之前，改善和加强现有的城市结构。
And one of the most important characteristics of great cities is the way in which they mix land uses so that people can easily access everyday needs whether that’s work, shops, schools, healthcare and other friends. Gone are the days of land use zoning. No more suburban shopping centres surrounded by great seas of car parks, or office centres which can only be reached by private vehicles. Instead, we are designing great new streets with more offices, shops and other commercial uses on them, and then side streets where people live, all interspersed with parks and public spaces. Joined up by street networks with enough connectivity to make it easy to walk or cycle directly from A to B.
大城市最重要的特征之一是它们混合土地用途的方式，以便人们可以轻松获得日常需求，无论是工作、商店、学校、医疗保健或其他方面。分区式土地使用的日子已经一去不复返了。不再有被停车场包围的郊区购物中心，或只能通过私家车到达的办公中心。相反，我们正在设计高品质的新街道，里面有更多的办公室、商店和其他商业用途，然后是人们居住的小街，所有这些街道都穿插着公园和公共空间。通过具有连接性的街道网络连接起来，人们可以轻松地步行或骑自行车从A到B。
And of course this is the classic formula of great cities, from ancient Rome to historic Shanghai. The future is, in some ways at least, a return to the best ways of the past.
当然，这是大城市的经典模式，从古罗马到历史悠久的上海。至少在某些方面，未来是回到过去最好方式。
Finally, let me mention speed. Great cities are slow cities and great leaders are leading the transformation of their cities away from speeding vehicles and towards slow-speed walking and cycling - with high speed public transport below ground as subways or above ground as monorails.
最后，总结一下，大城市是慢行城市，杰出的城市管理者正在引领他们的城市从高速运转转变为慢速步行和骑自行车，包括地下高速公共交通如地铁或地上单轨电车。
Slow, shaded, connected and mixed use: these are the characteristics of the low carbon future city – that I believe are popular with citizens as well as with city leaders.
慢行、林荫、城市连接和土地混合使用：这些是未来低碳城市的特征，我相信这些也会受到市民和城市管理者的欢迎。（全文完）
